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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry HDX-MS Platform for Investigating Peptide Biosynthetic Enzymes
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Rapid Solution-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange for Metabolite Compound Identification.

Sandra N Majuta1, Chong Li1, Kinkini Jayasundara1

  • 1C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
|April 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a rapid hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) method using mass spectrometry (MS) to differentiate small molecules. The technique generates unique isotopic patterns for compound identification, improving accuracy over traditional methods.

Keywords:
Compound identificationHydrogen-deuterium exchangeMetabolomics

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Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics
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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Distinguishing small-molecule metabolites is crucial for biological and chemical research.
  • Current methods for metabolite identification can be challenging, especially for complex mixtures.
  • Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) offers a potential avenue for structural elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the utility of rapid, solution-phase HDX coupled with MS for distinguishing small-molecule metabolites.
  • To develop a method for quantifying deuterium incorporation efficiencies for different hydrogen types.
  • To assess the accuracy of HDX-derived parameters in predicting deuterium incorporation and metabolite identification.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) for rapid, solution-phase HDX in micrometer-sized droplets.
  • Analyzing unique isotopic patterns generated by varying deuterium incorporation efficiencies in MS spectra.
  • Employing linear regression to compute exchange parameters representing hydrogen type contributions.

Main Results:

  • Different compounds exhibited unique deuterium incorporation efficiencies, leading to distinct isotopic patterns in MS.
  • Computed exchange parameters accurately retrodicted the amount of deuterium incorporated, with a ~2.2-fold improvement over equal hydrogen treatment.
  • Hypothetical isotopic distributions generated using these parameters agreed well (±16% RMSD) with experimental measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid HDX-MS, utilizing cVSSI, is a viable method for distinguishing small-molecule metabolites.
  • The developed exchange parameters enhance the accuracy of deuterium incorporation prediction.
  • This approach shows significant potential for identifying challenging metabolite species in complex biological samples.