Tripeptide IRW initiates differentiation in osteoblasts differentiation via the RUNX2 pathway

Osteoblasts maintain the structural integrity of bone via differentiation and mineralization; therefore, their malfunction or reduced activity can cause serious bone disorders. Although studies have demonstrated the association between nutrients and bone, research on food-derived bioactive peptides and bone health are scanty.

Osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 were treated with IRW (50 and 25 μM). Cell proliferation, cell cycle, osteoblastic differentiation, and mineralization were tested to evaluate the effects of IRW on osteogenesis promotion. The activation of PI3K-Akt-RUNX2 pathway and collagen synthesis were investigated to better understand the functions of IRW.

IRW treatment (50 and 25 μM) in MC3T3-E1 cells caused a significant increase in cell proliferation by increasing the percentage of S and G2/M phase. Furthermore, IRW promoted mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells. Mechanistically, we found that IRW treatment resulted in a 4-fold increase of Akt serine phosphorylation and a 2-fold increase of its downstream target RUNX2. Expression levels of RUNX2 associated proteins were concomitantly altered: ALP (2-fold increase), Col1A2 (2-fold increase), RANKL (2-fold decrease), and OPG (2-fold increase). Meanwhile, a parallel collagen synthesis pathway was found to contribute to IRW-stimulated osteogenesis.

IRW, an egg-derived small bioactive peptide enhances osteoblastic activity and stimulates osteogenesis. The stimulation is primarily due to the activation of PI3K-Akt-RUNX2 pathway and its downstream effectors, accompanied by a secondary collagen synthesis pathway.

Our results revealed the positive effects of tripeptide IRW on regulating osteogenesis and collagen synthesis, indicating its potential for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.