Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

784
Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...
784
Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview01:28

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview

846
The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic...
846
Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

800
Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
800
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.0K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
55.0K
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

7.9K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
7.9K
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

17.7K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Toward a Pluralistic Model for the Schizophrenia Spectrum-Dopamine and Beyond.

JAMA psychiatry·2026
Same author

Hyperlipidemia correlated with better neurocognition in patients with schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia research·2026
Same author

A conceptual framework based on current and emerging treatments for treatment-resistant depression: mechanistic evolution, clinical evidence, and future directions.

Expert review of neurotherapeutics·2026
Same author

Psychosocial Interventions and Functional Recovery in Schizophrenia-Realizing Opportunities Today.

The Journal of clinical psychiatry·2025
Same author

Letter to the FDA Proposing Major Changes in the US Clozapine Package Insert Supported by Clozapine Experts Worldwide. Part I: A Review of the Pharmacokinetic Literature and Proposed Changes.

Journal of clinical psychopharmacology·2025
Same author

Letter to the FDA Proposing Major Changes in the US Clozapine Package Insert Supported by Clozapine Experts Worldwide. Part II: A Review of Fatal Outcomes in US Pharmacovigilance Data and Proposed Changes.

Journal of clinical psychopharmacology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization
12:00

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Published on: November 19, 2014

13.3K

Neuroprotective effects of the second generation antipsychotics.

Alexander T Chen1, Henry A Nasrallah2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2010 Zonal Ave 1P10, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Schizophrenia Research
|April 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) show neuroprotective effects, unlike first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) which can be neurotoxic. SGAs offer benefits beyond symptom relief, potentially aiding in psychosis-related neurodegeneration.

Keywords:
AntipsychoticNeurodegenerationNeuroprotectionSchizophrenia

More Related Videos

Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning
16:27

Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning

Published on: September 2, 2010

15.3K
Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:35

Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: February 4, 2014

11.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization
12:00

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Published on: November 19, 2014

13.3K
Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning
16:27

Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning

Published on: September 2, 2010

15.3K
Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:35

Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: February 4, 2014

11.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) are associated with neurotoxicity.
  • Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have demonstrated multiple neuroprotective effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neuroprotective mechanisms of SGAs compared to FGAs.
  • To investigate the potential of SGAs in ameliorating neurodegenerative effects of psychosis.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a comprehensive PubMed search using keywords related to antipsychotics, neuroprotection, and neurotoxicity.
  • Included animal, cell culture, and human clinical studies with clearly described methodologies.
  • Analyzed 24 reports that met search criteria, including studies with SGAs and FGAs as comparators.

Main Results:

  • All included studies demonstrated at least one neuroprotective mechanism for one or more SGAs.
  • FGAs showed a range from no neuroprotective effects to actual neurotoxic effects leading to neuronal death.
  • SGAs exhibited neuroprotective effects through various molecular mechanisms, often dose-dependently.

Conclusions:

  • SGAs offer measurable neuroprotective effects beyond antipsychotic efficacy and low motoric side effects.
  • These neuroprotective effects, ranging from preventative to restorative, may help mitigate neurodegeneration in psychosis.
  • The findings highlight the potential therapeutic role of SGAs in managing the neurobiological aspects of psychotic disorders.