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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Assessing Mineral Availability in Fish Feeds using Complementary Methods Demonstrated with the Example of Zinc in Atlantic Salmon
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Complementary feeding and micronutrient status: a systematic review.

Julie E Obbagy1, Laural K English2, Tricia L Psota1

  • 1USDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, VA.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|April 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Introducing complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) early may not impact infant iron status. Iron-rich CFBs are beneficial for infants at risk of deficiency, but more research is needed for other nutrients.

Keywords:
complementary feedingcomplementary food and beveragesfatty acidsfolateironmicronutrient statussystematic reviewvitamin B-12vitamin Dzinc

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nutrition
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Early life nutrition is crucial for infant growth and development.
  • Micronutrient status is a key indicator of healthy development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on the timing and types of complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) and their impact on infant micronutrient status.
  • To inform guidelines for infant feeding practices.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic reviews of literature from developed countries (1980-2016).
  • Inclusion criteria focused on CFB introduction timing, types, amounts, and micronutrient status (iron, zinc, vitamins D, B-12, folate, fatty acids).
  • Qualitative synthesis of evidence and strength grading.

Main Results:

  • Introducing CFBs at 4 months versus 6 months showed no significant difference in infant iron status.
  • Strong evidence supports iron-fortified CFBs for preventing deficiency in at-risk infants.
  • Moderate evidence indicates zinc-containing CFBs support zinc status, and fatty acid composition impacts status.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence on CFB timing and micronutrient status has gaps, particularly for vitamins D, B-12, and folate.
  • Further research is needed to address limitations and refine infant feeding recommendations.
  • Iron and zinc-rich CFBs play a role in maintaining adequate micronutrient status in the first year.