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Related Concept Videos

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor03:08

Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor

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Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one...
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.4K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

129.7K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
129.7K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.1K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

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Plasticized Cellulosic Films by Partial Esterification and Welding in Low-Concentration Ionic Liquid Electrolyte.

Xun Niu1,2, Yating Liu1, Alistair W T King3

  • 1Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , 159# Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , P. R. China.

Biomacromolecules
|April 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new biodegradable plastic alternatives from cellulose and phenolic acids. These green films offer excellent strength, flexibility, transparency, and water resistance for sustainable packaging applications.

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Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
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Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies
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Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies
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Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Petroleum-based plastics pose environmental challenges.
  • Cellulose, a renewable biopolymer, offers a sustainable alternative.
  • Wood's cell wall structure inspires novel material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop biodegradable films from cellulose with enhanced properties for packaging.
  • To functionalize cellulosic fibers using phenolic acids via esterification.
  • To investigate the influence of modification on material characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Homogeneous modification of cellulosic fibers using phenolic acids in a recyclable ionic liquid ([N4444][OAc]:DMSO).
  • Autocatalytic Fischer esterification reaction investigated using various spectroscopy techniques (FTIR, XPS, NMR).
  • Film casting and recrystallization to cellulose II allomorph, followed by property characterization.

Main Results:

  • Cellulose films functionalized with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid were successfully synthesized.
  • Despite low esterification degree (DS < 0.25), films exhibited high strength (3.5 GPa), flexibility (35% strain), transparency (>90%), and water resistance (WCA ~90°).
  • Water vapor barrier properties were comparable to poly(lactic acid) composite films.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a novel method for creating high-performance, biodegradable cellulose-based films.
  • Functionalized cellulose films show significant potential as eco-friendly alternatives for packaging.
  • This research contributes to the development of next-generation sustainable materials.