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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

262
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
262
Dimensional Analysis03:40

Dimensional Analysis

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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
The unit...
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
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Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complex Aortic Anomaly
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Three-Dimensional Printed Patient Models for Complex Pediatric Spinal Surgery.

Jeffrey D Coote1, Theresa Nguyen1, Kaitlyn Tholen2

  • 1The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA.

Ochsner Journal
|April 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional (3-D) printed models enhance surgical planning for complex pediatric spinal deformities. These models improve visualization and precision, leading to better patient outcomes and understanding.

Keywords:
Imaging–three dimensionalorthopedicspediatricsscoliosisspinal fusionspine

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Medical Imaging and Simulation

Background:

  • Pediatric spinal deformity surgeries present unique anatomical and training challenges.
  • Preoperative planning is critical due to the complexity and potential for neurological complications.
  • 3-dimensional (3-D) printing offers a novel approach to surgical preparation.

Observation:

  • A case series details the use of 3-D printed spinal models for three pediatric patients.
  • Patients included complex scoliosis, lumbar kyphosis, and atlantoaxial instability.
  • Models were generated from computed tomography (CT) scans for surgical simulation.

Findings:

  • 3-D models facilitated more efficient and precise surgical planning compared to traditional 2-D imaging.
  • Enhanced visualization of patient-specific anatomy was achieved.
  • Improved understanding of complex spinal structures for surgical teams was noted.

Implications:

  • 3-D printed models can significantly aid in the preoperative planning of challenging pediatric spinal surgeries.
  • This technology can improve surgical outcomes and reduce risks.
  • Patient and family comprehension of surgical plans is enhanced through tangible 3-D models.