Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes02:40

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

38.1K
The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both...
38.1K
Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

880
Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
880
Survival Tree01:19

Survival Tree

411
Survival trees are a non-parametric method used in survival analysis to model the relationship between a set of covariates and the time until an event of interest occurs, often referred to as the "time-to-event" or "survival time." This method is particularly useful when dealing with censored data, where the event has not occurred for some individuals by the end of the study period, or when the exact time of the event is unknown.
 Building a Survival Tree
Constructing a...
411
The Bronchial Tree01:23

The Bronchial Tree

6.5K
The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let's delve into the intricate structure and functions of these respiratory components.
The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. At a point called the carina, it bifurcates into two primary bronchi. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left primary...
6.5K
Phylogenetic Trees03:21

Phylogenetic Trees

49.3K
Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.
49.3K
Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

547
The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
547

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Q-Learning with clustered-SMART (cSMART) data: examining moderators in the construction of clustered adaptive interventions.

Biometrics·2026
Same author

Approaches to Statistical Efficiency When Comparing the Embedded Adaptive Interventions in a SMART.

Journal of educational and behavioral statistics : a quarterly publication sponsored by the American Educational Research Association and the American Statistical Association·2025
Same author

Achieving cardiovascular health equity in community mental health: study protocol for a cluster-randomized hybrid Type 3 effectiveness-implementation trial.

Implementation science : IS·2025
Same author

Measurement-based care implementation by K-12 public school clinicians: A mixed-methods proof of concept study.

Implementation research and practice·2025
Same author

Sequencing Stimulant Medication and Behavioral Parent Training in Multiplex ADHD Families: A Pilot SMART.

The Journal of clinical psychiatry·2025
Same author

Adaptive Intervention for School-Age, Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Community: Primary Aim Results.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
08:45

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Published on: October 24, 2012

15.2K

TREE-BASED REINFORCEMENT LEARNING FOR ESTIMATING OPTIMAL DYNAMIC TREATMENT REGIMES.

Yebin Tao1, Lu Wang1, Daniel Almirall2

  • 1Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA.

The Annals of Applied Statistics
|April 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

We developed a tree-based reinforcement learning (T-RL) method to find optimal dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) for substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescents. This approach efficiently identifies adaptive treatment strategies over multiple stages.

Keywords:
Multi-stage decision-makingbackward inductionclassificationdecision treepersonalized medicine

More Related Videos

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees
05:26

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Published on: October 1, 2013

18.4K
P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Speller Performance Estimation with Classifier-Based Latency Estimation
06:09

P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Speller Performance Estimation with Classifier-Based Latency Estimation

Published on: September 8, 2023

938

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
08:45

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Published on: October 24, 2012

15.2K
A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees
05:26

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Published on: October 1, 2013

18.4K
P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Speller Performance Estimation with Classifier-Based Latency Estimation
06:09

P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Speller Performance Estimation with Classifier-Based Latency Estimation

Published on: September 8, 2023

938

Area of Science:

  • Machine Learning
  • Biostatistics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) adapt medical interventions over time.
  • Substance use disorder (SUD) requires flexible, individualized treatment strategies.
  • Existing methods may not fully capture multi-stage, multi-treatment complexities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel tree-based reinforcement learning (T-RL) method for estimating optimal DTRs.
  • To apply T-RL to identify dynamic treatment regimes for adolescent SUD.
  • To provide a robust, efficient, and interpretable approach for complex treatment decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a T-RL algorithm for multi-stage, multi-treatment DTR estimation.
  • Utilized unsupervised decision trees with a novel purity measure.
  • Employed augmented inverse probability weighted estimators for optimization.
  • Implemented recursive backward induction for multi-stage analysis.

Main Results:

  • T-RL demonstrated robustness and efficiency in simulation studies.
  • The method effectively handles multiple treatment comparisons at each stage.
  • Identified interpretable dynamic SUD treatment regimes for adolescents.
  • Combined semiparametric regression with flexible tree-based learning.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed T-RL method accurately estimates optimal DTRs.
  • T-RL offers a powerful tool for personalized medicine in SUD treatment.
  • This approach enhances the identification of effective, adaptive interventions for adolescents.