Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Multifocal Electroretinograms
Published on: December 4, 2011
Does this HIV-positive patient have progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy or PML-immune reconstitution
Rahul R Abraham1, Ashoojit Kaur Anand1, Ramakrishna Prasad1,2
1Department of Family Medicine & Primary Care, PCMH Restore Health, Bangalore, India.
Abstract:
We describe the case of an HIV/AIDS patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and the diagnostic and management dilemmas in distinguishing between PML and PML-IRIS. This case is relevant to physicians including family physicians who manage immunocompromised patients in their practice.
Related Concept Videos
What is the Immune System?
Inflammatory Response
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Positive Regulator Molecules
Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
Position-effect Variegation
Tumor Progression
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

