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Related Concept Videos

Balancing Redox Equations02:58

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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Ex Vivo Treatment Response of Primary Tumors and/or Associated Metastases for Preclinical and Clinical Development of Therapeutics
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Developing chemically modified redox-responsive proteins as smart therapeutics.

Qiao Tang1, Jianxue Wang, Ying Jiang

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China. mnzhang@ruc.edu.cn.

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|April 16, 2019
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Summary

Researchers developed a smart method to control protein therapeutics using a glutathione-cleavable ligand. This redox-responsive modification allows targeted cancer therapy via intracellular protein delivery.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Biology
  • Therapeutics

Background:

  • Developing smart protein therapeutics requires conditional control of protein function.
  • Physiological changes in diseased cells present opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel redox-responsive chemical modification of proteins.
  • To enable conditional control of protein function using intracellular glutathione (GSH).

Main Methods:

  • Conjugation of an intracellular glutathione (GSH)-cleavable ligand, NSA, onto a protein residue.
  • Demonstration of NSA conjugation on Ribonuclease A (RNase A).
  • Utilizing lipid nanoparticle-based intracellular protein delivery for targeted cancer therapy.

Main Results:

  • NSA conjugation enabled GSH-mediated control of RNase A function in aqueous solutions.
  • The modified protein's function was controlled by GSH in living cells.
  • Successful application in targeted cancer therapy strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Redox-responsive protein modification offers a viable strategy for smart therapeutics.
  • GSH-cleavable ligands provide precise control over protein function in diseased cells.
  • Lipid nanoparticle delivery enhances the potential of these therapeutics for cancer treatment.