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Updated: Jan 26, 2026
Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon
Published on: January 6, 2011
Care Bundle Approach to Minimizing Infection Rates after Neurosurgical Implants for Neuromodulation: A Single-Surgeon
Elsa V Arocho-Quinones1, Chiang-Ching Huang2, Barney D Ward3
1Department of Neurosurgery, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
Introduction:
Implant-related infections carry a high morbidity. Infectious rates for neuromodulation implants range from 1% to 9% for deep brain stimulation (DBS), 0% to 10% for spinal cord stimulation (SCS) systems, and 3% to 15% for intrathecal (IT) pump systems. Meanwhile, studies of care bundles report infection rate reduction to 1.0% for SCS and 0.3% for cardiac implants. Herein, we evaluate the effectiveness of an infection prevention bundle (IPB) in minimizing infections after surgeries for neuromodulation implants.
Methods:
An IPB focused on preoperative checklists, screening questionnaires, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus decolonization, weight-based antibiotic prophylaxis, strict draping and surgical techniques, and wound care education was implemented in our functional neurosurgery division in April 2015. We retrospectively reviewed all surgeries for implantation or replacement of SCS, DBS, and IT pump system components from March 2013 to October 2017. The patients were divided into pre-IPB and post-IPB groups. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon. Each surgical site was considered a unique surgical case. Infection rates were calculated for pre-IPB and post-IPB groups.
Results:
A total of 688 patients underwent 1161 unique surgical procedures (222 DBS electrodes, 419 IPG, 203 SCS, 317 IT pumps) during the study period. There were 546 pre-IPB and 615 post-IPB surgical procedures. The pre-IPB infection rates were 0%, 1.3%, and 8.7% for SCS, DBS, and IT pumps, respectively. The post-IPB infection rates were 0%, 0.3%, and 1.8% for SCS, DBS, and IT pumps, respectively.
Conclusions:
Implementation of a standardized IPB approach reduced the number of infections for all neuromodulation implants studied. This approach can be adopted within any specialty to potentially decrease the incidence of implant-related infections.
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