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Related Concept Videos

C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Related Experiment Video

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Synaptogenic pathways.

Peri T Kurshan1, Kang Shen2

  • 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|April 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Synapse assembly involves complex molecular pathways. This study reviews how presynaptic and postsynaptic structures form and coordinate during synaptogenesis, highlighting open questions in partner selection.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Synaptogenesis involves intricate molecular mechanisms for presynaptic and postsynaptic assembly.
  • Coordination of these assembly processes, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, remains incompletely understood.
  • Cell adhesion molecules are hypothesized to mediate synapse specificity and initiate assembly, but in vivo evidence is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on synaptogenic pathways.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving presynaptic and postsynaptic assembly.
  • To explore the coordination of these assembly processes during synapse formation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on synaptogenesis.

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  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying synapse formation.
  • Synthesis of data on cell adhesion molecules in synapse development.

    • Main Results:

    • Synaptic partner selection is primarily attributed to trans-synaptic binding of cell adhesion molecules.
    • The precise role of cell adhesion molecules in initiating synapse assembly requires further in vivo validation.
    • Diverse molecular pathways contribute to the coordinated assembly of presynaptic and postsynaptic structures.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding the initiation and coordination of synaptogenesis is crucial.
    • Further research is needed to confirm the role of cell adhesion molecules in initiating synapse assembly in vivo.
    • A comprehensive understanding of synaptogenic pathways is essential for addressing neurological development and disorders.