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Related Concept Videos

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:15

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

10.2K
This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
10.2K
SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

9.6K
In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
9.6K
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

14.1K
Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
14.1K
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

11.1K

The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
11.1K
Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

16.0K
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
16.0K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

4.6K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
4.6K

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An Orthotopic Sciatic Nerve Xenograft for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromas
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An Orthotopic Sciatic Nerve Xenograft for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromas

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473

[Neurofibromatosis 1].

Yuichi Yoshida1

  • 1Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Tottori University School of Medicine.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|April 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) presents with skin changes like café au lait spots and neurofibromas, alongside neurological issues. This review differentiates NF1

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Dermatology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Genetic neurological disorders often exhibit dermatological manifestations.
  • Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), also known as Recklinghausen disease, is characterized by specific skin findings including café au lait macules, freckling, and neurofibromas.
  • NF1 is also associated with neurological complications requiring diagnostic imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the differential diagnosis of dermatological manifestations in NF1.
  • To compare the skin findings of NF1 with those of other neurological disorders.
  • To highlight the importance of distinguishing NF1 from conditions like Legius syndrome and NF2 based on dermatological signs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical characteristics of NF1.
  • Comparison of dermatological manifestations across different genetic neurological disorders.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for NF1, Legius syndrome, and NF2.

Main Results:

  • NF1 is distinguished by a specific constellation of skin findings.
  • Dermatological signs can aid in differentiating NF1 from other genetic neurological conditions.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on considering both neurological and dermatological features.

Conclusions:

  • Dermatological manifestations are key indicators in the diagnosis of genetic neurological disorders like NF1.
  • Differential diagnosis between NF1 and similar conditions (e.g., Legius syndrome, NF2) is crucial for appropriate management.
  • Integrated assessment of neurological and dermatological symptoms is essential for accurate diagnosis and patient care.