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Related Concept Videos

Dimensional Analysis03:40

Dimensional Analysis

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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
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Dimensional Analysis01:27

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Dimensional analysis is a valuable technique in fluid mechanics for simplifying complex problems by reducing them into dimensionless groups. These groups capture the essential relationships between the variables involved, allowing researchers and engineers to analyze fluid flow without dealing with each variable individually. This approach reduces the number of independent variables, allowing for easier analysis and better understanding of physical phenomena.
In fluid mechanics, dimensional...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
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Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation
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Three-dimensional microengineered models of human cardiac diseases.

Jaimeson Veldhuizen1, Raymond Q Migrino2, Mehdi Nikkhah1

  • 11School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, 501 E Tyler Mall Building ECG, Suite 334, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709 USA.

Journal of Biological Engineering
|April 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) microengineered cardiac tissue models offer precise environmental control for studying cardiovascular diseases (CDs). These advanced models enable patient-specific cell derivation and detailed analysis of disease mechanisms and therapies.

Keywords:
CardiacDisease modelingMicroengineered modelsStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Traditional 2D assays and animal models have limitations in fully recapitulating cardiovascular disease (CD) complexity.
  • In vitro three-dimensional (3D) microengineered tissue models are emerging as powerful tools for pathophysiological studies.
  • These models allow for precise control over the cellular and molecular microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in in vitro 3D microengineered models for studying cardiac-related diseases (CDs).
  • To highlight the capabilities of these models in elucidating disease mechanisms and evaluating therapeutic efficacy.
  • To compare 3D microengineered models with existing 2D assays and animal models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing micrometer-scale platforms for 3D biomimetic tissue construction.
  • Incorporating directed stem cell differentiation and genome modification for patient-specific and genetically-edited cardiac cells.
  • Integrating additional functionalities for enhanced data extraction (phenotypic, genotypic, electrophysiological).

Main Results:

  • 3D microengineered models provide superior recapitulation of diseased cardiac tissues compared to traditional models.
  • These models facilitate detailed molecular and cellular level analysis of disease progression.
  • Enhanced capabilities for extracting comprehensive disease-specific information are demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro 3D microengineered cardiac tissue models represent a significant advancement in cardiovascular disease research.
  • These models offer enhanced precision for studying disease mechanisms and developing targeted therapies.
  • Future research should focus on further integration and application of these sophisticated models for specific cardiac conditions.