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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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The time response of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be divided into transient and steady-state responses. The transient response represents the system's initial reaction to a change in input and diminishes to zero over time. In contrast, the steady-state response is the behavior that persists after the transient effects have faded.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
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Highly Efficient Flexible Polymer Solar Cells with Robust Mechanical Stability.

Licheng Tan1,2, Yilin Wang1, Jingwen Zhang3

  • 1College of Chemistry Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|April 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel Al-doped ZnO (AZO) electron transporting layer modified with polydopamine (PDA) enhances polymer solar cell (PSC) flexibility and durability. This development is crucial for creating reliable, bendable solar cells for wearable applications.

Keywords:
bendabilityelectron transporting layersflexibilityflexible polymer solar cells

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Organic Electronics

Background:

  • Single-junction polymer solar cells (PSCs) have achieved over 14% power conversion efficiency (PCE).
  • Flexible PSCs face challenges with inorganic transporting layer fracture and poor interlayer adhesion.
  • Developing durable and flexible electron transporting layers (ETLs) is critical for advancing PSC technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a bendable and thickness-insensitive electron transporting layer (ETL) for polymer solar cells (PSCs).
  • To improve the mechanical durability and photovoltaic performance of flexible PSCs.
  • To investigate the potential of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) modified by polydopamine (PDA) as an ETL.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) modified by polydopamine (PDA) as an ETL.
  • Integration of the modified AZO ETL into nonfullerene PSCs using PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F active layers.
  • Testing of device performance, including power conversion efficiency (PCE) and mechanical durability under bending.
  • Fabrication and testing of fully flexible PSCs utilizing Ag-mesh electrodes.

Main Results:

  • The AZO:1.5% PDA (80 nm) ETL achieved a best PCE of 12.7% in nonfullerene PSCs.
  • A fully flexible PSC demonstrated a PCE of 11.5%.
  • The flexible device retained over 91% of its initial PCE after 1500 bending cycles.
  • The modified ETL exhibited excellent ductility, adhesion, and thickness insensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Al-doped ZnO modified by polydopamine is a promising ETL for flexible and wearable PSCs.
  • The developed ETL enhances mechanical durability and interfacial adhesion, crucial for reliable photovoltaic performance.
  • This approach supports the development of large-area, roll-to-roll manufactured flexible PSCs with robust performance.