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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement...
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Related Experiment Video

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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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[Total wrist arthroplasty-a review].

H-G Damert1

  • 1Klinik für Plastische, Ästhetische und Handchirurgie, HELIOS Bördeklinik, Kreiskrankenhaus 4, 39394, Oschersleben/Neindorf, Deutschland. hans-georg.damert@helios-gesundheit.de.

Der Orthopade
|April 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Total wrist arthroplasty, though controversial, is gaining acceptance as an alternative to wrist fusion. Modern fourth-generation systems offer improved survival rates, making it a viable option for specific wrist pathologies.

Keywords:
ArthrosisCarpal bonesHemiarthroplastyJoint replacementRadius

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Hand and wrist reconstruction

Background:

  • Total wrist arthroplasty remains a controversial procedure, particularly in German-speaking regions.
  • Historically, wrist arthroplasty designs suffered from limited survival and severe complications.
  • Recent advancements have increased its acceptance as an alternative to wrist fusion for conditions like panarthritis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of total wrist arthroplasty.
  • To highlight advancements in fourth-generation arthroplasty systems.
  • To discuss the potential of hemi-arthroplasty for distal radius trauma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current evidence.
  • Analysis of long-term survival data for modern wrist arthroplasty systems.
  • Discussion based on 15 years of clinical experience.

Main Results:

  • Fourth-generation total wrist arthroplasty systems demonstrate improved outcomes.
  • Survival spans of 10 years or more are now regularly achievable.
  • Hemi-arthroplasty presents a promising option for traumatic distal radius destruction.

Conclusions:

  • Total wrist arthroplasty is evolving into a reliable treatment option.
  • Modern systems mitigate previous complications and enhance longevity.
  • Continued development, including hemi-arthroplasty, broadens surgical indications.