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Consumer adaptation mediates top-down regulation across a productivity gradient.

Michael F Chislock1,2, Orlando Sarnelle3, Lauren M Jernigan1

  • 1School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.

Oecologia
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PubMed
Summary

Organismal adaptation is critical for understanding ecosystem responses to nutrient enrichment. Tolerant consumers can stabilize plankton communities by suppressing toxic cyanobacteria, highlighting adaptation

Keywords:
Bottom–upConsumer offenseEutrophicationEvolutionHarmful algal blooms (HABs)ManagementMicrocystinNitrogenNutrient enrichmentPhosphorusToxic cyanobacteria

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Human activities, such as increased nutrient loading, have globally altered ecosystem productivity.
  • Eutrophication consequences like harmful algal blooms are well-documented, but the role of organismal adaptation in ecosystem response is understudied.
  • Most research focuses on short-term ecological responses, neglecting the evolutionary timescales of adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if adaptation in a generalist consumer (Daphnia pulicaria) to toxic prey (cyanobacteria) influences plankton community responses to nutrient enrichment.
  • To investigate how consumer genotype (tolerant vs. sensitive Daphnia) and prey traits affect ecosystem stability under eutrophication.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental manipulation of nutrient levels in aquatic ecosystems.
  • Assessing the top-down effects of different Daphnia pulicaria genotypes on primary producer biomass.
  • Evaluating the influence of toxic cyanobacteria presence and abundance on consumer-prey dynamics.

Main Results:

  • The top-down control by Daphnia on primary producers strengthened with increased nutrient enrichment.
  • The effectiveness of Daphnia's control was dependent on both the consumer's genotype and the prevalence of toxic cyanobacteria.
  • Tolerant Daphnia genotypes significantly suppressed toxic cyanobacteria in nutrient-rich conditions, while sensitive genotypes did not.
  • Both tolerant and sensitive Daphnia genotypes had similar impacts on producer biomass when toxic cyanobacteria were absent.

Conclusions:

  • Organismal adaptation plays a crucial role in mediating ecosystem-level responses to anthropogenic perturbations like nutrient enrichment.
  • Adaptive capacity of consumers can stabilize plankton communities by regulating populations of toxic cyanobacteria.
  • Understanding adaptation is essential for predicting the long-term ecological consequences of environmental change.