Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

107.2K
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
107.2K
The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

21.2K
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
21.2K
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum01:21

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

7.9K
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER is a sub-organelle with specialized functions in animal cells and plant cells. It is often associated with the tubule morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The ER provides optimal conditions for synthesizing steroid hormones and lipids, such as phospholipids and triglycerides. Traditionally, lipid metabolism was considered to be a smooth ER function. However, there is no direct evidence to prove that rough ER is completely excluded from lipid...
7.9K
Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

17.2K
The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
17.2K
What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

198.2K
Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
198.2K
Animal and Plant Cell Structure01:30

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

47.7K
Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
Cell Division
Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during...
47.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Employment of the fluorescent probe hydroxy-naphthyl-methylbenzoxazole-based dye and its combination with fluorescent silica nanoparticles as potential heavy metal-targeting systems: results and troubleshooting in Cd-polluted environments.

Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry·2026
Same author

One-Step Microfluidic Manufactured Fucose-Decorated Sweetosomes Choose the Time and the Road for Their Intracellular Journey to Cancer Treatment.

Advanced healthcare materials·2026
Same author

Chestnut tannin induces gut degeneration in Aedes albopictus mosquito larvae.

Environmental science and pollution research international·2026
Same author

Fibrous zeolites and pulmonary fibroblasts: toxicological impact and EPR-based insights into cellular alterations.

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)·2026
Same author

S-nitrosylation contributes to ER stress and aggresome formation in secosterol-B-mediated endothelial dysfunction.

Journal of lipid research·2026
Same author

Milk-Derived EVs from Different Animal Sources: An Overview on Their Detection, Isolation and Pleiotropic Exerted Effects.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
16:43

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

Published on: February 18, 2014

13.6K

Secosterol-B affects endoplasmic reticulum structure in endothelial cells.

Francesca Luchetti1, Rita Crinelli1, Maria Gemma Nasoni1

  • 1Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|April 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Secosterol-B (SEC-B), a cholesterol oxidation product, induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in endothelial cells. High doses of SEC-B trigger apoptosis, highlighting oxysterols

Keywords:
ApoptosisAutophagyEndoplasmic reticulumNF-kBOxysterolseIF2α

More Related Videos

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells
10:24

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

Published on: December 17, 2012

14.7K
Study of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria Interactions by In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay in Fixed Cells
09:34

Study of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria Interactions by In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay in Fixed Cells

Published on: December 10, 2016

25.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
16:43

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

Published on: February 18, 2014

13.6K
Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells
10:24

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

Published on: December 17, 2012

14.7K
Study of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria Interactions by In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay in Fixed Cells
09:34

Study of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria Interactions by In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay in Fixed Cells

Published on: December 10, 2016

25.4K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Oxysterols, cholesterol oxidation products in LDL and atherosclerotic plaques, drive atherosclerosis initiation and progression.
  • Endothelial dysfunction, a disruption of vascular homeostasis, is central to metabolic diseases.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an emerging factor in endothelial dysfunction, with links to LDL oxidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of secosterol-B (SEC-B), a specific oxysterol found in atherosclerotic plaques, in inducing ER stress.
  • To elucidate the cellular responses and pathways involved in endothelial cells exposed to SEC-B.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) with varying doses of SEC-B.
  • Assessment of ER morphology changes (expansion, structural alterations).
  • Analysis of cellular stress responses, including autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome system activation, eIF2α phosphorylation, and NF-κB activation.

Main Results:

  • SEC-B induced significant ER stress and structural changes in HUVECs.
  • Low SEC-B doses (1-5 μM) activated adaptive responses: autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome system.
  • High SEC-B doses (20 μM) led to apoptosis via eIF2α phosphorylation and NF-κB activation, indicating adaptive failure.

Conclusions:

  • SEC-B directly induces ER stress in endothelial cells.
  • Dose-dependent cellular responses to SEC-B range from adaptive stress management to apoptotic cell death.
  • These findings enhance understanding of oxysterol involvement in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.