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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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DNA Extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Nalini Gupta1

  • 1Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education, Chandigarh, India.

Journal of Cytology
|April 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This overview details DNA extraction methods for high-quality yield and covers the principles and variations of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for DNA amplification in molecular labs.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • DNA extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are fundamental molecular laboratory techniques.
  • Efficient DNA isolation and amplification are crucial for various downstream applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of physical and chemical DNA extraction methods.
  • To discuss the fundamental principles and diverse variants of PCR for DNA amplification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established physical and chemical DNA extraction protocols.
  • Explanation of the core mechanism and different types of Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Main Results:

  • Identification of various methods to achieve high-quality and sufficient quantity DNA yields.
Keywords:
DNA extractionPolymerase chain reactionreal time PCR

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  • Elucidation of the basic principles and practical applications of different PCR techniques.

    • Conclusions:

    • Proper DNA extraction is essential for successful molecular analyses.
    • Understanding PCR variants allows for optimized DNA amplification strategies.