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Humoral immune response to acetaldehyde adducts in alcoholic patients

M Hoerner, U J Behrens, T Worner

    Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology
    |October 1, 1986
    PubMed

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    Overview
    Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

    Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

    Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
    Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones01:24

    Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

    Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
    In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals...
    Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

    Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

    Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
    Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:08

    Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

    As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.
    Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:15

    Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

    The aldol reaction of a ketone under acidic conditions successfully forms an unsaturated carbonyl as the final product instead of an aldol. The acid-catalyzed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.