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Related Concept Videos

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A square-threaded screw jack is a mechanical device widely used for lifting heavy loads or applying considerable force. One of the key features that can make a screw jack more effective and reliable is its self-locking capability.
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Screw: Problem Solving01:21

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In mechanical engineering, the interaction between a threaded screw shaft and a plate gear involves analyzing the resisting torque on the plate gear that can be overpowered when a specific torsional moment is applied to the shaft. To better comprehend this concept, consider a generic situation with a threaded screw shaft with a given mean radius and lead and a plate gear with a specified mean radius. The coefficient of static friction between the screw and gear is also provided.
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Screws are characterized by a helical ridge known as a thread wrapped around a cylindrical shaft. They are commonly used as fasteners to hold objects together or to transmit power and motion in machines. One type of screw that is particularly useful for transmitting power is the square-threaded screw.
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Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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Wood Surfacing01:14

Wood Surfacing

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Wood surfacing is a critical finishing process designed to smoothen the wood surface, enhance its dimensional accuracy, and make handling safer. This process compensates for potential shrinkage during the seasoning phase by marginally increasing the wood dimensions before surfacing. It also helps correct some distortions that may occur as the wood dries.
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Cell-surface Signaling01:21

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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement
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A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement

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Pedicle screw navigation using surface digitization on the Microsoft HoloLens.

Florentin Liebmann1,2, Simon Roner3,4, Marco von Atzigen3,5

  • 1Computer Assisted Research and Development Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland. florentin.liebmann@balgrist.ch.

International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery
|April 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that the Microsoft HoloLens can precisely guide lumbar pedicle screw placement in laboratory settings. This novel navigation method offers a promising, potentially lower-cost alternative for spinal fusion surgery.

Keywords:
Augmented realityHoloLensPedicle screwSpineSurface digitizationSurgical navigation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Medical Device Technology
  • Surgical Navigation

Background:

  • Imprecise pedicle screw placement in spinal fusion surgery can lead to poor outcomes or patient harm.
  • Existing surgical navigation solutions are often expensive and lack in situ visualization capabilities.
  • Advancements in head-mounted display technology offer potential for improved, cost-effective surgical guidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the precision of a novel navigation method using the Microsoft HoloLens for lumbar pedicle screw placement.
  • To assess the feasibility of using optical see-through head-mounted displays for real-time surgical navigation without intraoperative imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a navigation method utilizing the Microsoft HoloLens for intraoperative surface capturing, registration, and tool tracking.
  • Employed 3D printable parts with fiducial markers for surface sampling and navigation.
  • Evaluated accuracy in a laboratory setup using lumbar spine phantoms, comparing planned and executed screw trajectories and insertion points via CT scans.

Main Results:

  • Mean error in screw trajectory orientation was [Formula: see text].
  • Mean error in screw insertion points was 2.77±1.46 mm.
  • Average time for surface digitization was 125±27 seconds.

Conclusions:

  • The HoloLens combined with the proposed navigation method shows promising precision for lumbar pedicle screw insertion in laboratory conditions.
  • Further cadaver experiments are necessary to validate precision on actual patient anatomy.
  • This technology could offer a more accessible navigation solution for spinal fusion procedures.