Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 26, 2026

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores
Published on: November 8, 2011
Coevolution of HIV-1 and broadly neutralizing antibodies
Nicole A Doria-Rose1, Elise Landais2
1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Purpose Of Review:
Exploring the molecular details of the coevolution of HIV-1 Envelope with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in infected individuals over time provides insights for vaccine design. Since mid-2017, the number of individuals described in such publications has nearly tripled. New publications have extended such studies to new epitopes on Env and provided more detail on previously known sites.
Recent Findings:
Studies of two donors - one of them an infant, the other with three lineages targeting the same site - has deepened our understanding of V3-glycan-directed lineages. A V2-apex-directed lineage showed remarkable similarity to a lineage from a previously described donor, revealing general principles for this class of bNAbs. Understanding development of CD4 binding site antibodies has been enriched by the study of a VRC01-class lineage. Finally, the membrane-proximal external region is a new addition to the set of epitopes studied in this manner, with early development events explored in a study of three lineages from a single donor.
Summary:
These studies provide templates for immunogen design to elicit bNAbs against a widened set of epitopes, generating new directions in the quest for an HIV vaccine.
Related Concept Videos
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions
Antibody Structure
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Bending of Curved Members - Neutral Surface
Consider the curved member described in the previous lesson. According to Hooke's law, which relates stress to strain within the...
Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal...
Antibody Actions
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...

