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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells
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[Pituitary adenomas].

Jürgen Honegger1, Isabella Nasi-Kordhishti2, Sabrina Giese2

  • 1Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland. juergen.honegger@med.uni-tuebingen.de.

Der Nervenarzt
|April 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pituitary adenomas are rare tumors often diagnosed late. Recent genetic discoveries and refined diagnostic and treatment strategies, including surgery and novel medications, improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
AcromegalyChemotherapyCushing’s diseaseProlactinomaTranssphenoidal surgery

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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Pituitary adenomas are rare tumors often diagnosed late due to characteristic symptoms.
  • Recent discoveries include USP8 mutations in Cushing's disease and X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG) syndrome.
  • Understanding the molecular etiology is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical manifestations of pituitary adenomas.
  • To discuss diagnostic work-up strategies.
  • To outline current and emerging treatment modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical manifestations.
  • Endocrinological, radiological, and ophthalmological diagnostic approaches.
  • Analysis of surgical, medical, and irradiation treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Surgery is the primary treatment for most pituitary adenomas, with microsurgery and endoscopy being effective transsphenoidal techniques.
  • Medical treatments, including dopamine agonists for prolactinomas and newer options for acromegaly and Cushing's disease, are vital.
  • Chemotherapy with temozolomide and various irradiation techniques (radiosurgery, hypofractionated, fractionated) offer further therapeutic options.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated diagnostic approaches are essential for timely pituitary adenoma detection.
  • Multimodal treatment strategies, including surgery, medical therapies, and radiation, are continuously refined.
  • Advances in molecular understanding and treatment modalities are improving management of pituitary adenomas.