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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics of Life01:23

Characteristics of Life

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Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The field's scope is extensive and divided into several specialized disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, ethology, genetics, and many more. All living things share a few key traits, including cellular organization, heritable genetic material and the ability to adapt/evolve, metabolism to regulate energy needs, the...
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Levels of Organization01:09

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Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
Molecules Are Composed of Atoms, and Biomolecules Are Assembled from Molecules:
The most basic levels include atoms, molecules, and biomolecules. Atoms, the smallest unit of ordinary matter, are composed of a nucleus and electrons. Molecules...
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Deductive Reasoning01:16

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Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...
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Correlation and Causation01:27

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
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Taxonomy01:31

Taxonomy

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Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. It uses a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories with Latin names. The smallest units of taxonomy, species and genus, are used to assign a formal, taxonomic name to each species in a system. This classification system, referred to as binomial nomenclature, was formalized by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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Related Experiment Video

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Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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Danielle M. Wenner Replies.

Danielle M Wenner

    The Hastings Center Report
    |April 19, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This response addresses a letter to the editor regarding the social value requirement in research. It discusses stakeholder obligations and the transactional versus basic structure models.

    Area of Science:

    • Bioethics
    • Research Ethics
    • Social Science Research

    Background:

    • The author responds to a letter concerning "The Social Value Requirement in Research: From the Transactional to the Basic Structure Model of Stakeholder Obligations."
    • The original article, published in the Hastings Center Report, explored different models of stakeholder obligations in research.

    Discussion:

    • This piece clarifies points raised in the letter to the editor.
    • It further elaborates on the nuances between transactional and basic structure models of stakeholder obligations.
    • The discussion reaffirms the importance of ethical considerations in research funding and practice.

    Key Insights:

    • The author emphasizes the complexity of defining and implementing social value in research.
    • Different models of stakeholder obligations offer varying frameworks for ethical research conduct.

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  • Addressing stakeholder concerns is crucial for the integrity and societal acceptance of research.

    • Outlook:

    • Further dialogue is encouraged to refine ethical frameworks for research.
    • Continued exploration of stakeholder theory in bioethics is warranted.
    • The application of these models can guide future research policies and practices.