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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Disorders affecting blood volume, vascular tone, or vascular function can disrupt vascular homeostasis, including conditions like hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A High-Fidelity Porcine Model of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation Following Donation after Circulatory Death
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A High-Fidelity Porcine Model of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation Following Donation after Circulatory Death

Published on: June 6, 2025

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Heart Transplantation With Donation After Circulatory Death.

Petra Niederberger1, Emilie Farine1, Mathieu Raillard2

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (P.N., E.F., M.D., T.P.C., H.T.T.S., S.L.L.).

Circulation. Heart Failure
|April 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Donation after circulatory death (DCD) offers a promising solution to the cardiac graft shortage for heart transplantation. Preclinical studies in animal models are crucial for understanding and mitigating ischemia-reperfusion injury in DCD hearts.

Keywords:
cardiac deathheart transplantationischemia-reperfusion injurymyocardial ischemiaorgan donationorgan procurementreperfusion injurywarm ischemia time

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • End-stage heart failure necessitates heart transplantation for improved survival and quality of life.
  • A critical shortage of available cardiac grafts impedes widespread heart transplantation.
  • Donation after circulatory death (DCD) presents a potential solution to increase organ availability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of preclinical studies in animal models of DCD heart transplantation.
  • To analyze factors affecting DCD heart graft quality, including ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  • To identify therapeutic strategies for optimizing DCD heart grafts and guide future research.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed database was conducted.
  • Relevant preclinical studies on DCD heart transplantation were identified and analyzed.
  • Key aspects examined included animal models, procurement, storage, cardioprotective measures, and evaluation strategies.

Main Results:

  • The potential of DCD heart transplantation is being re-evaluated, with over 70 cases reported recently.
  • Concerns regarding graft quality due to warm ischemia in DCD organs persist.
  • Several therapeutic strategies show promise for improving DCD heart graft quality.

Conclusions:

  • Further development of clinical protocols for DCD heart transplantation is essential.
  • A deeper understanding of ischemia-reperfusion injury and mitigation strategies is required.
  • Recommendations for advancing preclinical research in DCD heart transplantation are provided.