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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
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Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Quantitative atomic force microscopy provides new insight into matrix vesicle mineralization.

Justin S Plaut1, Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek2, Lukasz Bozycki2

  • 1Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|April 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Matrix vesicles initiate mineralization by forming a nucleation core that grows and stiffens. This study reveals the nanomechanical changes of matrix vesicles during mineralization using AFM-PFQNM.

Keywords:
Atomic force microscopyElastic modulusMatrix vesiclesMineralizationNucleation core

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Area of Science:

  • Biomineralization
  • Extracellular Vesicles
  • Nanomechanics

Background:

  • Matrix vesicles (MVs) initiate mineralization in cartilage and bone.
  • MVs accumulate calcium and phosphate to form a nucleation core (NC).
  • Previous evidence for NC maturation relied on dried samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nanomechanical and morphological properties of MVs during mineralization.
  • To provide direct evidence of nucleation core formation and maturation in hydrated MVs.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of MVs from chicken embryo cartilage.
  • Atomic force microscopy peak force quantitative nanomechanical property mapping (AFM-PFQNM).
  • Dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray (TEM-EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Main Results:

  • MV elastic modulus increased 4-fold during mineralization.
  • AFM revealed the nucleation core grows and stiffens within MVs.
  • DLS, TEM-EDX, and FTIR confirmed increased size, crystallinity, and Ca/P ratio of internal complexes.

Conclusions:

  • AFM-PFQNM provides new insights into MV mineralization dynamics.
  • The nucleation core matures into crystalline complexes within MVs.
  • This study validates the role of MVs in initiating tissue mineralization.