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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Nonequilibrium phase transition in an open quantum spin system with long-range interaction.

Minjae Jo1, Jaegon Um1,2, B Kahng1

  • 1CCSS, CTP and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

Physical Review. E
|April 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

We explored a quantum spin system with long-range interactions, finding a new universality class at the phase transition

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Condensed matter theory

Background:

  • The quantum contact process (QCP) has been studied with nearest-neighbor interactions.
  • Rydberg atoms in d states exhibit long-range dipole-dipole interactions, necessitating new models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate a nonequilibrium phase transition in a dissipative quantum spin system with long-range interactions.
  • Analyze the mean-field phase diagram and universality classes of this long-range QCP.
  • Discuss potential experimental realization using cold gases.

Main Methods:

  • Quantum Langevin equation
  • Mean-field theory
  • Semiclassical approach

Main Results:

  • The long-range QCP exhibits a phase diagram similar to the nearest-neighbor QCP.
  • Continuous and discontinuous transitions occur in weak and strong quantum regimes, respectively.
  • A novel universality class is identified at the tricritical point.

Conclusions:

  • The long-range QCP introduces a new universality class at its tricritical point.
  • This model offers a framework for studying complex quantum phenomena in extended systems.
  • Interacting cold gases provide a promising platform for realizing and testing this long-range QCP model.