Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Limiting Reactant02:27

Limiting Reactant

69.6K
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in reality, the reactants are not always present in the stoichiometric amounts indicated by the balanced equation.
69.6K
The Number e as a Limit01:29

The Number e as a Limit

72
The number e is a fundamental constant in calculus, playing a central role in describing continuous change, particularly exponential growth. It is most naturally defined through its relationship with the natural logarithm, which is the inverse of the exponential function with base e. This relationship allows e to be characterized using basic principles of differentiation rather than as an arbitrary numerical constant.A key property of the natural logarithm function, ln x, is that its derivative...
72
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

10.4K
Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
10.4K
Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation01:27

Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation

1.2K
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory, introduced in the 1940s and 1950s and often termed the "push theory" of motivation, provides a framework for understanding how biological and learned drives influence behavior. Hull suggested that motivation originates from the need to alleviate physiological tension caused by unmet biological necessities. The theory proposes that when a basic need, such as hunger or sleep, goes unfulfilled, it creates an internal imbalance. This imbalance, or...
1.2K
Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

106.8K
Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate...
106.8K
Guidelines for Writing Outcome01:11

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

3.7K
When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...
3.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A curious case of maternal mirror syndrome secondary to fetal urinary ascites.

Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine·2026
Same author

Development and validation of a risk assessment model for hospital-acquired venous thrombosis in medical in-patients with cancer.

Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH·2026
Same author

Topical combined 5-fluorouracil and calcipotriene for actinic keratosis and superficial keratinocyte carcinoma: Modified Delphi expert panel recommendations from ITSCC.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology·2026
Same author

Impact of thrombosis and bleeding on survival of older people with myelodysplastic syndromes: a population analysis.

Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH·2026
Same author

Utilization Patterns and Outcomes From Iron Chelation Therapy in Elderly Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndromes: A Population Analysis.

Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia·2025
Same author

Application of Generative AI to Enhance Obstetrics and Gynecology Research.

American journal of perinatology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A Mouse Model to Evaluate the Long-Term Structural and Functional Outcomes after the Reversal of Prolonged Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction
05:34

A Mouse Model to Evaluate the Long-Term Structural and Functional Outcomes after the Reversal of Prolonged Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Published on: July 18, 2025

509

Pushing the limits: perinatal outcomes beyond prolonged second stage.

Alexis C Gimovsky1, Leora Aizman2, Andrew Sparks3

  • 1Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine : the Official Journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians
|April 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Extremely prolonged second stage of labor (EPSS) in nulliparous women rarely prevents vaginal delivery. However, EPSS, especially with epidural anesthesia, significantly increases risks for maternal complications and adverse neonatal outcomes.

Keywords:
Cesarean deliverylaborlabor and deliveryprolonged second stagesecond stage

More Related Videos

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia
08:47

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Published on: November 19, 2008

36.3K
The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation
09:03

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

Published on: August 15, 2018

11.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A Mouse Model to Evaluate the Long-Term Structural and Functional Outcomes after the Reversal of Prolonged Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction
05:34

A Mouse Model to Evaluate the Long-Term Structural and Functional Outcomes after the Reversal of Prolonged Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Published on: July 18, 2025

509
The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia
08:47

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Published on: November 19, 2008

36.3K
The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation
09:03

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

Published on: August 15, 2018

11.3K

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • The second stage of labor is a critical period in childbirth.
  • Prolonged labor can impact maternal and neonatal well-being.
  • Understanding the effects of extremely prolonged labor is essential for optimizing delivery outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between extremely prolonged second stage of labor and delivery mode in nulliparous women.
  • To evaluate the impact of prolonged labor on maternal and neonatal complications.
  • To identify potential thresholds for adverse outcomes during the second stage of labor.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with singleton, cephalic presentations at term.
  • Stratification by epidural anesthesia status.
  • Categorization of second stage duration: normal (0-179 min), prolonged (180-299 min), and extremely prolonged (≥300 min).

Main Results:

  • Overall vaginal delivery rate was 92.7%.
  • Women with epidural anesthesia and extremely prolonged second stage (≥300 min) showed increased rates of postpartum hemorrhage and third-degree lacerations.
  • Neonates born after extremely prolonged second stage had higher rates of CPAP use, increased birth weight, and worse composite outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Vaginal delivery remains likely even after 5 hours of the second stage in nulliparous women.
  • Epidural anesthesia combined with an extremely prolonged second stage is linked to significantly worse perinatal outcomes.
  • A second stage of labor lasting 5 hours or longer may indicate a tipping point for adverse perinatal outcomes.