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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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Trophic Efficiency00:46

Trophic Efficiency

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Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
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Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle01:16

Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle

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The hypothetical Carnot cycle consists of an ideal gas subjected to two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, which is the same before and after the completion of the Carnot cycle, there is no change in its internal energy. Hence, using the first law of thermodynamics, the total heat exchanged by the ideal gas equals the total work done. Thus, we can quantify the efficiency of the Carnot cycle via the heat exchanged...
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Deep Eutectic Solvents as Efficient Solvents in Biocatalysis.

Magdalena Pätzold1, Sascha Siebenhaller2, Selin Kara3

  • 1DECHEMA Research Institute, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.

Trends in Biotechnology
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PubMed
Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) show promise in biocatalysis by improving enzyme performance and reaction outcomes. Optimal results are achieved when DESs are formed using the reaction substrates themselves.

Keywords:
biocatalysisbiotransformationsdeep eutectic solventsnatural deep eutectic solventsreaction medium engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis
  • Green Chemistry
  • Enzyme Engineering

Background:

  • Traditional solvents in biocatalysis often fail to meet all requirements for optimal enzyme function and reaction efficiency.
  • Developing novel reaction media is crucial for advancing enzymatic synthesis across diverse applications.
  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a promising class of solvents for biocatalytic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the potential of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as reaction media in biocatalysis.
  • To investigate the impact of DESs on substrate solubility, enzyme activity, stability, and reaction equilibrium.
  • To explore the advantages of using DESs formed from reaction substrates.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing studies on DESs in biocatalysis.
  • Comparative assessment of DESs against conventional solvents (aqueous, organic, ionic liquids, supercritical fluids).
  • Examination of DESs formed by substrates versus those formed by other components.

Main Results:

  • Deep eutectic solvents can enhance substrate solubility, enzyme activity, and stability in biocatalytic reactions.
  • DESs can positively influence reaction equilibrium, leading to improved conversion rates.
  • The most significant improvements were observed when the DES was composed of the reaction substrates.

Conclusions:

  • Deep eutectic solvents represent a viable and advantageous alternative to traditional solvents for various biocatalytic applications.
  • Tailoring DES composition, particularly by using substrates, can optimize biocatalytic performance.
  • Further research into DESs holds significant potential for developing more efficient and sustainable enzymatic synthesis routes.