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Epstein-Barr Virus and miRNAs: Partners in Crime in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis?
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
Abstract:
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression post transcriptionally. In healthy individuals, miRNAs contribute to maintaining gene expression homeostasis. However, the level of miRNAs expressed is markedly altered in different diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The impact of such changes is being investigated, and thought to shape the immune system into the inflammatory autoimmune phenotype. Much is yet to be learned about the contribution of miRNAs in the molecular pathology of MS. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a major risk factor for the development of MS. EBV encodes more than 40 miRNAs, most of which have been studied in the context of EBV associated cancers. These viral miRNAs regulate genes involved in cell apoptosis, antigen presentation and recognition, as well as B cell transformation. If EBV infection contributes to the pathology of MS, it is plausible that EBV miRNAs may be involved. Unfortunately, there are limited studies addressing how EBV miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. This review summarizes what has been reported regarding cellular and viral miRNA profiles in MS and proposes possible interactions between the two in the development of MS.
Insights
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are altered in multiple sclerosis (MS), potentially driven by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. This review explores how viral and cellular miRNAs may interact to contribute to MS pathogenesis.
Area of Science:
- Molecular Biology
- Immunology
- Virology
Background:
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression and maintaining cellular homeostasis.
- Aberrant miRNA expression is implicated in various diseases, including the autoimmune inflammatory condition, multiple sclerosis (MS).
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a significant risk factor for MS development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current knowledge on cellular and viral miRNA profiles in MS.
- To explore the potential involvement of EBV-encoded miRNAs in MS pathogenesis.
- To propose possible interactions between cellular and viral miRNAs in MS development.
Main Methods:
- Literature review summarizing existing studies on miRNA expression in MS.
- Analysis of known functions of EBV-encoded miRNAs in viral-associated conditions.
- Synthesis of information to hypothesize mechanisms of miRNA involvement in MS.
Main Results:
- Cellular miRNA profiles are significantly altered in MS patients, contributing to immune dysregulation.
- EBV encodes numerous miRNAs that regulate host genes involved in apoptosis, antigen presentation, and B cell transformation.
- Limited research currently exists on the specific role of EBV miRNAs in MS pathogenesis.
Conclusions:
- Both cellular and viral miRNAs are likely to play a role in the molecular pathology of MS.
- Further investigation into EBV miRNA functions within the context of MS is warranted.
- Understanding these miRNA interactions could reveal novel therapeutic targets for MS.
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