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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
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Stream Function

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In two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow, the continuity equation is essential for ensuring mass conservation, meaning that any change in fluid entering or exiting a region is balanced by a corresponding change elsewhere. For incompressible flow, where density remains constant, this requirement simplifies to the condition that the divergence of the velocity field must be zero. Mathematically, this is expressed as,
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The Water Cycle01:00

The Water Cycle

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The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
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Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Multimodal Analysis of Microplastics in Drinking Water using a Silicon Nanomembrane Analysis Pipeline
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Microplastics Detection in Streaming Tap Water with Raman Spectroscopy.

Ann-Kathrin Kniggendorf1, Christoph Wetzel2, Bernhard Roth3,4

  • 1Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University Hannover, Nienburger Str. 17, 30167 Hannover, Germany. ann.kathrin.kniggendorf@hot.uni-hannover.de.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Raman spectroscopy can directly detect tiny microplastics in tap water, enabling real-time monitoring of drinking water quality and ensuring safer beverages and food. This method offers a novel approach for microplastic detection in water.

Keywords:
Raman spectroscopymicroplasticssingle particle detectiontap water

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Microplastic contamination is a global issue affecting drinking water, food, and beverages.
  • Identifying small microplastics (<1 mm) typically requires spectroscopic methods like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) or Raman spectroscopy on extracted particles.
  • Direct observation of microplastics in drinking water is challenging due to low biological loads.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy for direct microplastic detection in flowing tap water.
  • To establish a proof-of-concept for a point-of-entry monitoring system for drinking water.
  • To assess the potential for monitoring microplastics in clear surface waters.

Main Methods:

  • Applied Raman spectroscopy to observe individual microplastic particles in a custom-made flow cell.
  • Tested streaming tap water with added particulate and fluorescent contaminants at 1 L/h.
  • Evaluated the compatibility of various tubing materials with microplastic suspensions containing common polymers.

Main Results:

  • Successfully observed individual microplastic particles in flowing tap water using Raman spectroscopy.
  • Demonstrated the potential for detecting microplastics smaller than 0.1 mm.
  • Identified suitable tubing materials for microplastic analysis in water.

Conclusions:

  • Direct observation of microplastics in tap water via Raman spectroscopy is achievable.
  • This technique offers a promising solution for real-time, point-of-entry monitoring of drinking water quality.
  • The method could be extended to monitor microplastics in clear surface waters.