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Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
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Function and Evolution of Upstream ORFs in Eukaryotes.

Hong Zhang1, Yirong Wang1, Jian Lu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|April 21, 2019
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Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) regulate gene expression by controlling translation initiation. Genome-wide studies reveal their widespread roles in cellular homeostasis and development across species.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Translational regulation is crucial for cellular homeostasis during development.
  • Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step in protein synthesis.
  • Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are common in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of uORF-mediated translational regulation.
  • To explore the functional and evolutionary genomics of uORFs.
  • To identify knowledge gaps in uORF research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genome-wide studies.
  • Analysis from functional genomics perspective.
  • Analysis from evolutionary genomics perspective.

Main Results:

  • uORFs are widespread regulatory elements in eukaryotic mRNAs.
  • uORFs modulate translation initiation rates by sequestering ribosomes.
  • Genome-wide studies have uncovered diverse regulatory functions of uORFs.

Conclusions:

  • uORFs play significant roles in regulating gene expression.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand uORF functions and evolution.
  • uORF research offers insights into cellular homeostasis and development.