Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

13.3K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
13.3K
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

27.3K
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
27.3K
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

5.5K
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
5.5K
Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

2.0K
Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
2.0K
Increased Body Temperature01:25

Increased Body Temperature

6.5K
A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
6.5K
Increased pulse rate01:17

Increased pulse rate

1.1K
Tachycardia is a condition marked by an abnormally fast or irregular heart rate, surpassing the typical resting rate. In adults, tachycardia is characterized by a pulse rate ranging from 100 to 180 beats per minute. The increased heart rate can result in inadequate blood flow to various body parts, ultimately diminishing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.
Many factors can elevate the risk of developing tachycardia. These include advanced age, a family history of arrhythmias, and an...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pulmonary Hypertension, the Forgotten Right Ventricle, and Vascular Access in Hemodialysis Patients.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN·2026
Same author

Fecal microbiota transplantation promotes type 2 mucosal immune responses with colonic epithelium proliferation in patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile.

JCI insight·2025
Same author

Adenovirus 40 and 41 Antibodies Associated With Protection From Infection in a Bangladeshi Birth Cohort.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2025
Same author

Maternal undernutrition exacerbates microbiota-driven growth stunting through pre- and postnatal effects.

Cell reports·2025
Same author

Race-neutral Pulmonary Function Testing in Risk Stratification of Patients Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society·2025
Same author

Deletion of rgaS reduces virulence in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection.

Anaerobe·2025
Same journal

Gut commensal Bacteroides-derived pantothenic acid alleviates metabolic syndrome.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Predicting antimicrobial resistance for precision medicine.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Meta-analysis reveals microbiome signatures for colorectal cancer that are universal across age groups and sequencing methods.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Single-cell detection and quantification of the microbiota by MicFLY.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Suppression of host salicylic acid defense by a phloem-colonizing pathogen effector in citrus Huanglongbing.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

CBASS limits bacteriophage production while maintaining cell viability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Cell host & microbe·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

10.5K

Colitis-Induced Th17 Cells Increase the Risk for Severe Subsequent Clostridium difficile Infection.

Mahmoud M Saleh1, Alyse L Frisbee1, Jhansi L Leslie2

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|April 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prior colitis worsens Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) severity. Persistent Th17 cells drive this exacerbation, offering a potential therapeutic target for preventing severe CDI.

Keywords:
CD4 T cellsClostridium difficileDSSIL-17AIL-23IL-6Th17 cellsadaptive immunitycolitisinflammatory bowel disease

More Related Videos

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

27.7K
A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

9.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

10.5K
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

27.7K
A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

9.4K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading hospital-acquired infection.
  • CDI is notably more common and severe in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which prior colitis exacerbates CDI.
  • To identify the immune cells and factors involved in this heightened susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis were allowed to recover before C. difficile infection.
  • Adoptive transfer of Th17 cells was performed in naive mice.
  • Analysis of mortality, CDI severity, and cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-23, IL-17) in mice and humans.

Main Results:

  • DSS-treated mice exhibited increased mortality and CDI severity compared to controls.
  • Severe CDI was dependent on CD4+ T cells that persisted post-colitis.
  • Adoptive transfer of Th17 cells increased CDI-associated mortality via IL-17.
  • Elevated IL-6 and IL-23 levels correlated with severe CDI in humans, with high IL-6 predicting increased mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Th17 cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CDI following colitis.
  • Persistent Th17 cells contribute to exacerbated CDI.
  • Th17 cells and their associated cytokines represent potential therapeutic targets for preventing severe CDI.