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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

898
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
898
Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

803
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

879
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
879
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

746
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
746
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

3.5K
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

1.2K
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

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Manual for clinical language tractography.

Lucius Fekonja1,2, Ziqian Wang3, Ina Bährend3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. lucius.fekonja@charite.de.

Acta Neurochirurgica
|April 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We present a user-friendly protocol for mapping brain language pathways using diffusion MRI (dMRI) and structural MRI templates. This standardized method accurately identifies key language fiber bundles for clinical and research applications.

Keywords:
Brain tumor surgeryDiffusion tensor imagingLanguageNeuroanatomyTractography

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuroanatomy
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Background:

  • Tractography of language fiber bundles is crucial for understanding brain function and planning neurosurgery.
  • Existing methods can be complex and lack standardization, hindering routine clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a user-friendly, standardized protocol for tractography of major language fiber bundles.
  • To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed protocol.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized diffusion MRI (dMRI) for tractography and structural T1 MPRAGE MRI templates for Region of Interest (ROI) definition.
  • Defined ROIs for five language-relevant fiber bundles based on anatomical landmarks and literature, without requiring MNI space normalization.
  • Visualized ROIs on axial, coronal, or sagittal views of T1 MPRAGE images.

Main Results:

  • The protocol successfully tracked targeted language fiber bundles in 88% of ROI pairs across healthy subjects and patients.
  • ROI placement precision was consistent, irrespective of rater experience, indicating user-friendliness.
  • Evaluated 300 ROIs placed by one expert and three raters in a blinded manner.

Conclusions:

  • The developed guideline provides a standardized approach for language tractography in preoperative settings and research.
  • The ROI placement method, relying on easily identifiable anatomical landmarks, is accurate and suitable for users with varying experience levels.