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Related Concept Videos

Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

396
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
396
First Order Systems01:21

First Order Systems

412
First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
412
Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

581
A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
581
Classification of Systems-I01:26

Classification of Systems-I

556
Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
556
Classification of Systems-II01:31

Classification of Systems-II

464
Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously. These systems are generally defined by differential or algebraic equations. For instance, in an RC circuit, the relationship between input and output voltage is expressed through a differential equation derived from Ohm's law and the capacitor relation,
464
Mechanical Systems01:22

Mechanical Systems

611
Mechanical systems are analogous to to electrical networks where springs and masses play similar roles to inductors and capacitors, respectively. A viscous damper in mechanical systems functions similarly to a resistor in electrical networks, dissipating energy. The forces acting on a mass in such systems include an applied force in the direction of motion, counteracted by forces from the spring, a viscous damper, and the mass's acceleration. This interplay of forces is mathematically...
611

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Itching as a systemic disease.

Takashi Hashimoto1, Gil Yosipovitch1

  • 1Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery and Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|April 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic pruritus, or itching, can stem from systemic diseases beyond skin conditions. This overview examines the characteristics and mechanisms of itching caused by kidney, liver, endocrine, and blood-related diseases.

Keywords:
Itchpruritussystemic disease

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Pruritus (itching) originates from skin stimuli transmitted via peripheral nerves to the central nervous system.
  • While primary skin disorders like eczema and psoriasis commonly cause itching, systemic diseases can also lead to chronic pruritus.
  • Chronic pruritus significantly impacts patients' quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the characteristics, pathophysiology, and mechanisms of pruritus associated with major systemic diseases.
  • To highlight the connection between systemic conditions and chronic itching.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on pruritus.
  • Focus on systemic underlying diseases including end-stage renal disease, cholestatic liver disease, endocrine/metabolic diseases, and hematologic/lymphoproliferative diseases.

Main Results:

  • Systemic diseases such as end-stage renal disease, cholestatic liver disease, endocrine/metabolic disorders, and hematologic/lymphoproliferative conditions are significant causes of chronic pruritus.
  • Understanding the specific mechanisms of pruritus in these conditions is crucial for management.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic pruritus is often a symptom of underlying systemic diseases, not just primary skin conditions.
  • Further research into the pathophysiology and treatment of systemic pruritus is warranted to improve patient quality of life.