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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
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Towards optimal stopping in radiation therapy.

Ali Ajdari1, Maximilian Niyazi2, Nils Henrik Nicolay3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.

Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
|April 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Fractionated radiotherapy (RT) is burdensome. Optimal Stopping in RT (OSRT) uses mathematical tools to dynamically assess treatment efficacy and adapt or stop radiation therapy, improving patient outcomes and reducing risks.

Keywords:
Adaptive radiotherapyBayesian learningMathematical optimizationOSRTOptimal stoppingPredictive biomarker

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Radiotherapy Research

Background:

  • Fractionated radiotherapy (RT) courses impose significant financial, physical, and mental burdens on patients.
  • Extended RT sessions increase patient burden and radiation exposure to organs-at-risk (OAR), with potentially limited therapeutic benefit.
  • Advancements in molecular biology, imaging, and genetics provide more data on individual patient treatment response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Optimal Stopping in RT (OSRT) as a mathematical framework for dynamic treatment adaptation.
  • To demonstrate how mathematical tools can personalize radiotherapy decisions.
  • To optimize the timing and duration of RT to improve therapeutic ratios.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing mathematical tools for real-time assessment of treatment efficacy.
  • Integrating molecular, imaging, and genetic data for personalized treatment response evaluation.
  • Applying concepts from dynamic programming and Markov decision processes to radiotherapy.

Main Results:

  • OSRT enables on-the-fly assessment of treatment efficacy.
  • Mathematical models can adapt radiotherapy plans based on individual biological responses.
  • OSRT provides a framework for determining optimal treatment cessation points.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal Stopping in RT (OSRT) offers a novel approach to personalize radiotherapy.
  • Dynamic adaptation and cessation of RT can enhance therapeutic ratios.
  • This framework aims to minimize patient burden and maximize treatment benefit.