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Related Concept Videos

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Anterior cingulate cortex involvement in non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis.

Kyosuke Ibi1, Katsunori Fujii2, Hironobu Kobayashi1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan.

Brain & Development
|April 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study reports a rare case of viral limbic encephalitis in a child, linked to Coxsackie virus A10. The findings highlight the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal white matter involvement in viral encephalitis.

Keywords:
Anterior cingulate cortexMagnetic resonance imagingNon-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Virology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis presents with cognitive and emotional deficits.
  • Viral infections can cause acute encephalitis in children, mimicking limbic dysfunction.
  • The precise impact of viral infections on the limbic system requires further investigation.

Observation:

  • A 5-year-old boy presented with seizures, attention deficit, emotional dysregulation, and memory impairment.
  • Elevated Coxsackie virus A10 antibodies indicated viral-induced limbic encephalitis.
  • Brain MRI revealed acute involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal white matter.

Findings:

  • Steroid pulse therapy led to the resolution of brain lesions and psychological symptoms.
  • Lesion resolution occurred in a time-dependent manner, starting from the frontal white matter to the anterior cingulate cortex.
  • This case is the first to document anterior cingulate cortex and frontal white matter involvement in viral limbic encephalitis.

Implications:

  • Viral limbic encephalitis may spread from frontal white matter to the anterior cingulate cortex via neuronal connections.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for diagnosing and treating pediatric viral encephalitis.
  • This case expands the understanding of the neurological manifestations of viral infections in children.