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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Expanding Interventional Pulmonology Research with Robotic-Assisted Bronchoscopy
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[Transbronchial cryobiopsy in diffuse interstitial lung diseases].

J Camuset1, J M Naccache2, X Dhalluin3

  • 1Service de chirurgie thoracique, hôpital Tenon, CHU, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.

Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires
|April 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBC) shows promise for diagnosing interstitial lung disease (ILD), achieving a 54.2% diagnostic yield in a preliminary study. Further research is needed to confirm its safety and effectiveness compared to surgical lung biopsy.

Keywords:
Biopsie pulmonaire chirurgicaleBronchoscopie rigideCryobiopsies trans-bronchiquesCryobiopsyInterstitial lung diseaseInterventional pulmonologyPneumologie interventionnellePneumopathie interstitielle diffuseRigid bronchoscopySurgical lung biopsy

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Interventional Pulmonology
  • Diagnostic Procedures

Background:

  • Interstitial lung disease (ILD) diagnosis often requires invasive procedures.
  • Transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBC) presents a potential alternative to surgical lung biopsy (SLB).
  • Preliminary data on TBC's effectiveness and safety in ILD diagnosis is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of TBC in ILD patients.
  • To assess the safety profile of TBC in the context of ILD diagnosis.
  • To report preliminary experience from two French university centers.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-four patients with ILD underwent TBC between 2014 and 2017.
  • Histological diagnoses were reviewed and validated through multidisciplinary discussions (MDD).
  • Average of 3 TBC samples were obtained per patient.

Main Results:

  • Analyzable TBC samples were obtained in 91.7% of patients.
  • Histological diagnosis was achieved in 63.6% of analyzable samples, with 59% certainty after MDD.
  • Overall diagnostic yield was 54.2%, with complications including pneumothorax (37.5%) and bleeding (20.8%).

Conclusions:

  • TBC demonstrates potential for ILD diagnosis, with improved diagnostic yield observed after an initial learning curve (80% after 2015).
  • Complication rates require careful consideration.
  • A prospective randomized study is necessary to definitively establish TBC's diagnostic performance and safety compared to SLB in France.