Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

126.5K
Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
126.5K
Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

59.6K
Overview
59.6K
α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions01:10

α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

3.8K
Ketones with α protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the α carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the α carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the...
3.8K
Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

44.2K
Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
44.2K
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

23.3K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
23.3K
Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base01:10

Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base

3.6K
α-Alkylation of ketones is achieved in the presence of alkyl halides and a base. The reaction proceeds via the formation of an enolate ion followed by nucleophilic substitution. The choice of base employed is essential as it is the key factor in determining the reaction outcome.
The reaction involving bases like EtO− whose conjugate acid EtOH (pKa = 15.9) is stronger than the ketone (pKa = 19.2) results in an equilibrium mixture with higher ketone concentration. As a consequence,...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reactive astrocytes mediate toxicity in iPSC derived dopaminergic neurons.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2026
Same author

Temporal Interference Stimulation Enhances Neural Regeneration.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

The basal ganglia upside down: noncanonical direct and indirect pathways emerging from striosomes modulate dopamine release and motor behavior.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Scalable and comprehensive mosaic variant calling using DRAGEN.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

VACmap: an accurate long-read aligner for unraveling complex genomic rearrangements.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025
Same journal

Mutation-specific neuropathologic signatures in MAPT-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same journal

Molecular changes during AT/RT progression associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix changes.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same journal

Prion-like transmission and propagation of human β-amyloid to the bank vole rodent model.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same journal

Inhibition of tRNA fragments dysregulated in human mTLE exacerbates pathology and seizure activity.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same journal

VMA21 deficiency leads to autophagic dysregulation and altered vesicle trafficking in X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same journal

Donor-specific pathological features associate with genetic background, lesion type distribution, and clinical heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents
06:15

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents

Published on: July 10, 2017

13.4K

Selective vulnerability in α-synucleinopathies.

Javier Alegre-Abarrategui1, Katherine R Brimblecombe2, Rosalind F Roberts3

  • 1Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK. j.alegre@imperial.ac.uk.

Acta Neuropathologica
|April 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alpha-synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease involve protein deposits causing cell loss. Selective vulnerability arises from cellular, genetic, and environmental factors interacting with alpha-synuclein strains.

More Related Videos

Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences
08:19

Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences

Published on: May 17, 2018

10.3K
Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry for Absolute Protein Quantification
09:04

Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry for Absolute Protein Quantification

Published on: August 17, 2015

17.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents
06:15

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents

Published on: July 10, 2017

13.4K
Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences
08:19

Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences

Published on: May 17, 2018

10.3K
Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry for Absolute Protein Quantification
09:04

Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry for Absolute Protein Quantification

Published on: August 17, 2015

17.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neurodegenerative diseases
  • Proteinopathies
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy are α-synucleinopathies.
  • These disorders feature α-synuclein (α-syn) protein aggregation and selective neuronal loss.
  • Phenotypic diversity arises from regional vulnerability and specific α-syn deposit characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors contributing to selective vulnerability in α-synucleinopathies.
  • To explore how intrinsic cellular properties and α-syn strains influence disease presentation.
  • To discuss the role of exogenous and environmental factors in modulating pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of α-synucleinopathies.
  • Analysis of intrinsic cellular properties (metabolism, genetics, connectivity).
  • Examination of α-syn conformational strains and spreading dynamics.
  • Inclusion of exogenous and environmental factors.

Main Results:

  • Selective vulnerability is multifactorial, involving cellular intrinsic properties.
  • α-syn conformational strains and spreading capacity dictate regional pathology.
  • Environmental and genetic factors modulate disease initiation and progression.

Conclusions:

  • Disease phenotypes result from a complex interplay of factors.
  • Disruption of cellular metabolism and α-syn structure, influenced by connectivity, initiates pathology.
  • A combination of genetic, environmental, or stochastic events leads to the characteristic pathology.