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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Animal and Plant Cell Structure01:30

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
Cell Division
Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during...
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Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
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The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

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Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis
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Animal models for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hui Emma Zhang1, James M Henderson1, Mark D Gorrell1

  • 1Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Basis of Disease
|April 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Developing effective animal models for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is crucial for research. Combining multiple insults in these models better mimics human liver cancer development and progression.

Keywords:
Animal modelChemicalGenetically engineered mouseHepatocellular carcinomaXenograft

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Hepatology
  • Animal Models

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer, predominantly affecting patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.
  • Accurate animal models are essential for both basic and translational research in HCC.
  • Existing models include chemically-induced, genetically-engineered, and xenograft approaches, often used in combination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the necessity and development of animal models for hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • To highlight the limitations of single-approach models and the advantages of combined insults.
  • To explore strategies for creating more relevant HCC models that recapitulate human disease settings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on chemically-induced, genetically-engineered, and xenograft animal models for HCC.
  • Analysis of combined insult strategies, including chemical injury with metabolic disorders or alcohol.
  • Discussion of genetically engineered models combined with disease-specific injuries.

Main Results:

  • Single-approach animal models are insufficient to fully recapitulate human hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Combining pathogenic insults in animal models enhances their relevance to human disease etiology.
  • Combining chemical injury with metabolic disorder or alcohol accelerates hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.
  • Genetically engineered models with specific injuries show promise for mimicking distinct clinical settings of human HCC.

Conclusions:

  • Developing multifaceted animal models is key to advancing hepatocellular carcinoma research.
  • Combined insults in animal models offer a more realistic approach to studying liver cancer.
  • Future models should integrate genetic engineering with specific disease-related injuries for improved translational value.