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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

137.5K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

9.4K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Healthcare System01:11

Secondary Healthcare System

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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Secondary Distribution01:25

Secondary Distribution

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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
In residential areas, 120/240 V single-phase, three-wire service is commonly used for lighting, outlets, and large appliances. Urban areas with high-density loads...
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

9.0K
Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
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Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
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Can We Treat Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Now?

Rohit Bhatia1, Nishita Singh1

  • 1Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
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PubMed
Summary

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) presents unique challenges for treatment due to progressive disability. This review covers clinical trial difficulties, current therapies, and emerging treatments for SPMS patients.

Keywords:
Disease modifying therapySecondary progressive MSmitoxantroneprogressive MS

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is defined by relentless worsening of neurological function without remissions.
  • Patients with SPMS face significant disability accumulation, posing treatment challenges.
  • Limited understanding of SPMS pathogenesis and therapeutic targets complicates management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the complexities of defining and executing clinical trials for SPMS.
  • To review existing and investigational therapies for SPMS.
  • To discuss future therapeutic strategies in the SPMS pipeline.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials in SPMS.
  • Analysis of approved and unapproved therapeutic agents.
  • Examination of ongoing and future SPMS treatment research.

Main Results:

  • Significant challenges exist in SPMS trial design and patient stratification.
  • Several therapies show promise, with some approved for SPMS management.
  • A growing pipeline of novel treatments is under investigation for SPMS.

Conclusions:

  • Effective SPMS management requires addressing trial design hurdles and expanding therapeutic options.
  • Ongoing research into pathogenesis and novel agents is crucial for improving SPMS outcomes.
  • Future strategies focus on neuroprotection and remyelination in addition to immunomodulation.