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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

70.2K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
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Mixtures of Acids01:19

Mixtures of Acids

1.1K
The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
In a strong and weak acid mixture, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions present in the solution. In contrast, the weak acid shows...
1.1K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

1.4K
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
1.4K
Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

30.6K
Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
30.6K
Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers02:30

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers

21.6K
A racemic mixture, or racemate, is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers of a molecule that can be separated using their unique interaction with chiral molecules or media. Racemic mixtures are denoted by the (±)- prefix. This ‘optical rotation descriptor’ applies to the whole solution of a racemic mixture rather than a specific stereoisomer. Enantiomers typically have the same physical and chemical properties. Hence, they are not easily separable. However, enantiomers can exhibit...
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Optimization of Radiochemical Reactions using Droplet Arrays
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Optimization of solvent-free enzymatic esterification in eutectic substrate reaction mixture.

M Pätzold1,2, A Weimer1, A Liese2

  • 1DECHEMA Research Institute, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt a.M., Germany.

Biotechnology Reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|April 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Candida rugosa lipase efficiently esterified (-)-menthol and lauric acid in a solvent-free deep eutectic solvent. Optimized conditions yielded 95% lauric acid conversion, demonstrating a green and effective enzymatic process.

Keywords:
BiocatalysisDeep eutectic solventDesign of experimentsReaction medium engineeringResponse surface methodologyWater activity

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis
  • Enzyme Technology
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Enzymatic esterification offers a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis.
  • Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are emerging as novel reaction media, potentially reducing environmental impact.
  • Solvent-free enzymatic reactions minimize waste and simplify product purification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the esterification of (-)-menthol and lauric acid (LA) catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase (CRL).
  • To explore the use of a (-)-menthol:LA deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a reaction medium and substrate pool under solvent-free conditions.
  • To optimize the esterification process by evaluating key parameters like water activity (aw), enzyme loading, and temperature.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a deep eutectic solvent formed by (-)-menthol and lauric acid (3:1 mol/mol) as a solvent-free reaction system.
  • Employed response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize reaction conditions, focusing on thermodynamic water activity (aw), CRL amount (mCRL), and temperature (T).
  • Quantified product formation and substrate conversion using analytical methods to validate model predictions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a high conversion rate of 95 ± 1% for lauric acid within one day under optimized conditions (aw = 0.55, mCRL = 60 mg, T = 45 °C).
  • Reached a final product concentration of 1.36 ± 0.04 M (-)-menthyl lauric acid ester after 2.25 days.
  • Demonstrated excellent agreement between experimental product formation rates and RSM model predictions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed solvent-free esterification process using CRL in a (-)-menthol:LA DES is highly efficient and sustainable.
  • Optimized reaction parameters, particularly water activity, are crucial for maximizing enzymatic esterification performance.
  • This approach offers a promising green alternative for the synthesis of (-)-menthyl lauric acid ester.