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Related Concept Videos

Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

37.0K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Structure Solution of the Fluorescent Protein Cerulean Using MeshAndCollect
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Polyglutamine Solution-State Structural Propensity Is Repeat Length Dependent.

Ryan S Jakubek, Riley J Workman1, Stephen E White

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences , Duquesne University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|April 23, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Longer polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in peptides adopt aggregation-prone structures, increasing disease risk. This study reveals how polyQ length influences protein conformation and aggregation, impacting neurodegenerative disease onset.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in proteins are linked to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Longer polyQ tracts accelerate protein aggregation and lower disease onset age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solution-state structures of polyQ peptides with varying tract lengths (Q10, Q15, Q20).
  • To determine how polyQ tract length influences peptide conformation and aggregation propensity.

Main Methods:

  • UV resonance Raman spectroscopy
  • Circular dichroism spectroscopy
  • Metadynamics simulations

Main Results:

  • PolyQ peptides adopt either aggregation-resistant PPII-like or aggregation-prone β-strand-like conformations.
  • Longer polyQ peptides show a greater preference for the aggregation-prone β-strand-like conformation.
  • Conformational energy landscapes and activation barriers were analyzed for Q15 and Q20 peptides.

Conclusions:

  • PolyQ tract length is a key determinant of peptide structure and aggregation propensity.
  • The increased preference for β-strand conformations in longer polyQ peptides may explain their faster aggregation rates.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying polyQ neurodegenerative diseases.