Blood and urine biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: An update

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Biomarker Discovery
• Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often asymptomatic in early stages, complicating timely diagnosis and intervention.
• Current CKD diagnosis relies on serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), methods with known limitations and controversies.
• Effective early detection strategies are crucial for preventing disease progression and improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review existing literature on potential biomarkers for early CKD diagnosis.
• To evaluate different sample types for their efficacy in detecting CKD or rapid decline in renal function.
• To identify promising biomarkers and sample sources for improved CKD management.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature review was conducted using major scientific databases (Nature, PubMed, Springer Link, Science Direct).
• Scopus index was utilized to ensure the scientific relevance of selected publications.
• Studies were screened and selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Main Results:

• Sixty-three publications met the study's objectives, comparing various biomarkers across different sample types.
• Preliminary findings suggest urine-derived biomarkers may offer more significant outcomes compared to blood-based markers.
• The study identified several biomarkers of interest for potential CKD diagnosis and prognosis.

Conclusions:

• Biomarkers derived from urine samples demonstrate greater potential for CKD diagnosis and prognosis compared to blood biomarkers.
• Further validation studies with larger, diverse populations are essential to confirm these findings.
• Additional comparative research across different sample types is required to establish optimal diagnostic and prognostic tools for CKD.