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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Transgenic Rodent Assay for Quantifying Male Germ Cell Mutant Frequency
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Mouse germ line mutations due to retrotransposon insertions.

Liane Gagnier1, Victoria P Belancio2, Dixie L Mager1

  • 11Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, V5Z1L3, Vancouver, BC Canada.

Mobile DNA
|April 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) cause many spontaneous mutations in mouse germ lines, unlike in humans. This review details TE mutations in mice and compares their roles in both species.

Keywords:
Endogenous retrovirusesGerm line mutationInbred miceInsertional mutagenesisLong interspersed elementsLong terminal repeatsShort interspersed elementsTranscriptional interference

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that can alter an organism's genome.
  • TE insertions are a known source of genetic variation and mutation.
  • The impact of TEs on germ line mutation rates varies significantly across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review TE-induced mutations in inbred mouse strains.
  • To compare the mutational role of TEs in mice versus humans.
  • To identify and discuss specific types and cases of TE-mediated mutations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and compilation of documented TE-induced mutations in mice.
  • Analysis of different transposable element types contributing to mutations.
  • Comparative analysis of TE mutational activity in mouse and human germ lines.

Main Results:

  • Transposable element insertions account for a substantial proportion of spontaneous germ line mutations in mice.
  • The contribution of TEs to germ line insertional mutagenesis is considerably lower in humans compared to mice.
  • Specific TE families and insertion events have been identified as key drivers of mouse mutations.

Conclusions:

  • TEs play a major role in shaping the mutational landscape of the mouse germ line.
  • Significant differences exist in the relative impact of TEs on germ line mutation rates between mice and humans.
  • Understanding TE dynamics is crucial for interpreting genetic variation and mutation in mammals.