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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.6K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.6K
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.5K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

54.4K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
54.4K
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

1.9K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
1.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
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Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

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Cs2SnI6-Encapsulated Multidye-Sensitized All-Solid-State Solar Cells.

Byunghong Lee, Yamuna Ezhumalai1, Woongkyu Lee

  • 1Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules , National Central University , Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by combining multiple dyes for better light absorption. A novel solid-state design using Cs2SnI6 improves stability and efficiency for next-generation solar energy.

Keywords:
CsSnISn−TiOdonor (D)−π-bridge−acceptor (A) organic sensitizersmultisensitizationperovskitephotovoltaic cellporphyrinsolid-state hole conductor

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology.
  • Optimizing light harvesting and charge transport is crucial for improving DSSC performance.
  • Simultaneous use of multiple dyes can broaden spectral absorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synergistic effects of combining multiple dyes in DSSCs.
  • To enhance light capture across the solar spectrum using complementary absorbers.
  • To develop a stable, all-solid-state DSSC architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of porphyrin-based dyes (YD2-o-C8, YDD6) and organic chromophore (TTAR).
  • Fabrication of conventional DSSCs with liquid electrolytes.
  • Integration of Cs2SnI6 as an encapsulating layer and solid-state electrolyte.

Main Results:

  • A conventional DSSC achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.2% with multiple dyes.
  • Cs2SnI6 encapsulation reduced charge leakage and extended absorption to longer wavelengths.
  • An all-solid-state DSSC with Cs2SnI6/succinonitrile electrolyte reached a PCE of approximately 8.5%.

Conclusions:

  • Simultaneous dye incorporation effectively enhances light harvesting in DSSCs.
  • Cs2SnI6 serves as a beneficial encapsulating layer and component of solid-state electrolytes.
  • The developed all-solid-state DSSC design shows potential for improved long-term device stability.