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Actin and myosin are contractile proteins that form the sarcomere found in skeletal muscle tissues for regulating muscle contraction. Actin, a globular contractile protein, interacts with myosin for muscle contraction. The skeletal tissue appears striped or striated under a microscope due to the repeated arrangement of contractile proteins actin and myosin along the length of myofibrils. Dark A bands and light I bands repeat along myofibrils, and the alignment of myofibrils in the cell causes...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Imaging G Protein-coupled Receptor-mediated Chemotaxis and its Signaling Events in Neutrophil-like HL60 Cells
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Efficient Front-Rear Coupling in Neutrophil Chemotaxis by Dynamic Myosin II Localization.

Tony Y-C Tsai1, Sean R Collins2, Caleb K Chan3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Developmental Cell
|April 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neutrophils coordinate cell front protrusion and rear retraction instantly. Myosin II dynamics at the rear, regulated by MRLC phosphorylation, balance cell movement persistence and turning ability.

Keywords:
actin network retrograde flowactin-myosin interactioncell mechanicscell migrationcytoskeleton dynamicsmyosin light chain phosphorylationneutrophil chemotaxis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Biophysics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chemotaxis is crucial for neutrophil immune responses.
  • Efficient cell movement requires rapid front-rear coordination.
  • The precise mechanisms of this coordination are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of front-rear coordination in chemotactic neutrophils.
  • To understand the role of myosin II dynamics in cell turning.
  • To develop a quantitative model explaining front-rear coupling.

Main Methods:

  • Live-cell imaging of neutrophil chemotaxis.
  • Quantitative analysis of cell protrusion and retraction rates.
  • Tracking myosin II accumulation and relocalization.
  • Development and validation of a biophysical model.

Main Results:

  • Instantaneous coupling between cell front protrusion and rear retraction.
  • A 9-15 second lag in myosin II accumulation at the cell rear.
  • Myosin II dynamically relocalizes at the rear to facilitate cell turning.
  • A model of actin-myosin interactions with a rearward-flowing actin network explains observed dynamics.
  • Myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) phosphorylation tunes movement persistence and turning.

Conclusions:

  • Front-rear coupling in neutrophils is rapid and mediated by myosin II dynamics.
  • Myosin II rear localization is essential for efficient cell turning.
  • A quantitative model successfully describes the observed front-rear coordination.
  • MRLC phosphorylation provides a tunable mechanism for balancing cell migration behaviors.