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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Chromatin structures condensed by linker histones.

Bing-Rui Zhou1, Yawen Bai1

  • 1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A. zhoub2@mail.nih.gov baiyaw@mail.nih.gov.

Essays in Biochemistry
|April 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Linker histones (H1) bind nucleosomes to form chromatosomes and higher-order chromatin structures. Recent structural studies reveal their crucial role in chromatin condensation, though their precise functions remain under investigation.

Keywords:
chromatin foldingchromatin structureschromatosomelinker histone binding modeslinker histones

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Genomic DNA in eukaryotes is organized into chromatin by histone proteins.
  • Core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) form nucleosomes, the basic chromatin unit.
  • Linker histones (H1) bind nucleosomes, forming chromatosomes and higher-order structures, particularly in metazoans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in structural studies of chromatosomes and linker histone-condensed nucleosome arrays.
  • To elucidate the less understood role of linker histones in chromatin structure formation.
  • To provide perspectives for future research on linker histone functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent experimental results in structural biology.
  • Analysis of studies on chromatosome formation.
  • Examination of nucleosome array condensation by linker histones.

Main Results:

  • Significant advancements have been made in understanding the structure of chromatosomes.
  • New insights into how linker histones contribute to higher-order chromatin structures have emerged.
  • The precise mechanisms of linker histone involvement in chromatin condensation are becoming clearer.

Conclusions:

  • Linker histones play a critical role in forming chromatosomes and higher-order chromatin.
  • Recent structural studies have significantly advanced our understanding of these complexes.
  • Further research is needed to fully comprehend the diverse functions of linker histones in chromatin organization.