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Related Concept Videos

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Detection of Post-translational Modifications on Native Intact Nucleosomes by ELISA
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Post-translational modifications and chromatin dynamics.

Thomas O Tolsma1, Jeffrey C Hansen2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, U.S.A.

Essays in Biochemistry
|April 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding how histone post-translational modifications affect chromatin structure is key for gene regulation. In vitro studies reveal how these modifications influence chromatin dynamics and DNA accessibility in vivo.

Keywords:
chromatin modificationhigher order structurenucleosome

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Chromatin dynamics are crucial for gene regulation and biological functions.
  • In vivo studies show histone modifications impact DNA accessibility, but the complex cellular environment hinders detailed analysis.
  • In vitro reconstituted nucleosomal arrays offer a controlled system to study chromatin structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review in vitro observed dynamic chromatin structures and their formation conditions.
  • To discuss how specific histone post-translational modifications influence higher-order chromatin structure in vitro.
  • To correlate in vitro findings with in vivo chromatin state and accessibility.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro studies on reconstituted nucleosomal arrays.
  • Analysis of environmental conditions affecting chromatin conformational states.
  • Examination of histone post-translational modifications' impact on chromatin structure.

Main Results:

  • In vitro analyses have identified various dynamic chromatin structures under different environmental conditions.
  • Specific histone post-translational modifications demonstrably alter the formation of higher-order chromatin structures in vitro.
  • These in vitro modifications provide insights into in vivo chromatin regulation.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro reconstituted nucleosomal arrays are essential for dissecting the role of individual histone modifications in chromatin dynamics.
  • Understanding these in vitro structure-function relationships aids in interpreting in vivo chromatin accessibility and gene regulation.