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Related Concept Videos

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Formation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cell Spheroids on Chitosan Films
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Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.

Oriana Trubiani1, Jacopo Pizzicannella1,2, Sergio Caputi1

  • 11Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences and Stem Tech Group, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.

Stem Cells and Development
|April 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are easily obtained adult stem cells with regenerative potential. Our research highlights their multipotent differentiation, immunomodulatory effects, and therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
EAEMSCsinflammationperiodontal ligamentregenerative medicinestem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Oral Biology

Background:

  • Teeth offer unique developmental origins for regenerative medicine.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are found in the oral cavity.
  • Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were first isolated in 2005 and can be expanded in xeno-free media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review morphofunctional features, surface markers, and in vitro differentiation capacity of PDLSCs.
  • To explore the potential of PDLSCs in treating periodontal diseases and regenerating other tissues.
  • To investigate the therapeutic potential of PDLSC secretomes and extracellular vesicles.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and expansion of PDLSCs in xeno-free medium.
  • In vitro characterization of PDLSC features and differentiation.
  • In vivo studies using PDLSC-derived products in animal models.

Main Results:

  • PDLSCs exhibit pluripotency markers and multilineage differentiation capacity in vitro.
  • PDLSCs possess angiogenic, immunoregulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Conditioned medium and extracellular vesicles from PDLSCs show therapeutic potential in animal models.

Conclusions:

  • PDLSCs are promising adult stem cells for clinical applications in regenerative therapy.
  • Further in vivo characterization of PDLSC location and heterogeneity is needed.
  • PDLSC secretome and extracellular vesicles offer novel therapeutic strategies for various diseases.