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Related Concept Videos

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death
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How macrophages deal with death.

Greg Lemke1

  • 1Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA. lemke@salk.edu.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|April 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Tissue macrophages engulf dying cells using "eat-me" signals like phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). This process, crucial for cellular health, involves specific receptors and scramblase enzymes.

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Macrophages are key immune cells that clear apoptotic cells.
  • Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) externalization acts as a primary
  • eat-me
  • signal on apoptotic cells.
  • Scramblase enzymes, often activated by caspases, mediate PtdSer externalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which macrophages recognize and engulf apoptotic cells.
  • To highlight the role of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) as a critical eat-me signal.
  • To explore the broader implications of eat-me signals in cellular homeostasis and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on phagocytosis and cell signaling.

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  • Analysis of molecular pathways involved in PtdSer externalization and recognition.
  • Examination of receptor-ligand interactions, including MER and AXL tyrosine kinases.

    • Main Results:

    • Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) externalization, catalyzed by scramblases, is essential for apoptotic cell recognition.
    • Macrophage receptors directly bind PtdSer or recognize it via bridging proteins.
    • Eat-me signals also mediate the engulfment of stressed, living cells ('murder by phagocytosis') and localized cell domain pruning.

    Conclusions:

    • Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is a fundamental eat-me signal for efficient efferocytosis.
    • The MER and AXL receptor tyrosine kinases play significant roles in PtdSer recognition.
    • Eat-me signals contribute to tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, and potentially neuroprotection by microglia.